To determine the effect of Ss infection on the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu in T2DM, we measured the plasma levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23, IL-27, G-CSF and GM-CSF in Ss+ and Ss- individuals. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.