As a result, HOIP knockdown significantly promoted IFN-I-mediated antiviral activity during infection of either RNA virus VSV (Fig. 2i) or DNA virus HSV (Supplementary Fig. 2g), whereas LUBAC overexpression attenuated IFN-I antiviral activity (Fig. 2j and Supplementary Fig. 2h). Here, RNF31 is linked to infection.