MTOR and gastric cancer: For example, in DDP-resistant GC cell lines and tissues, lncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is robustly expressed and shown the anti-apoptotic characteristic by upregulating MDR1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which facilitates the development of chemoresistance [44].