The non-uniformity of radiation-induced changes in Erk5 and TGF-beta pathways is especially intriguing considering that these pathways have important roles in gliomas and glioma stem cells with Erk5 being a promoter of neural differentiation [26,27,28,29] and TGF-beta a major glioma pathway [30,31,32]. Here, MAPK7 is linked to central nervous system cancer.