NFE2L2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition, TAs increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) expression level, while inhibiting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in CS-induced COPD.