CASP3 and cancer: A549 cells treated with liposomes exhibited a higher relative fluorescence intensity normalized to control as compared to treatment with the plain drug, indicating induction of caspase-3 (PFD: 89.36 ± 6.5; PFD–D-Lip: 216.16 ± 7.5 RFU units normalized to control), as seen in Figure 11B. This indicates the capability of PFD–D-Lip in inducing apoptosis and also confirms the anti-cancer activity of PFD–D-Lip, which is enabling apoptosis.