A proteomic study conducted by Drabovich et al. on the seminal plasma from men with normal spermatogenesis and azoospermia, revealed extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) as a biomarker to differentiate OA from normal spermatogenesis, and OA from NOA with a cutoff level of 2.3 μg/mL [73]. Here, ECM1 is linked to Azoospermia.