Further work to determine incidence of occult HBV in this population is necessary as the use of serology only has been shown to underestimate HBV prevalence through missing out occult infections.[48] We estimated HBV incidence from all participants including those that tested positive to anti-HBc which may be an overestimation posing another limitation of our study in addition to the high numbers of loss to follow up and unavailable samples. The gene discussed is KRT88P; the disease is infection.