TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophages express numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while M2 macrophages secrete molecules including Arginase1 (Arg1), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) which are associated with parasite infestation, tissue remodeling and tumor progression (Sica and Mantovani, 2012; Liu et al., 2014).