TNF and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: In CAVD, M1 macrophages play a pro-inflammatory role, with the expression of inflammatory cytokines including MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α whereas M2 macrophages play an anti-inflammatory role, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Lawrence and Natoli, 2011; Mantovani et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014).