MAPK8 and neoplasm: It is also thought that the increased JNK signalling in Ras85DV12/scrib–/– tumours may increase haemocyte proliferation via JNK-dependent upregulation of the unpaired (upd1, upd2, and upd3) family of genes (behaviourally similar to mammalian IL-6), which act as ligands for the proliferation-promoting Jak-STAT signalling pathway (Pastor-Pareja et al., 2008; Cordero et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2010; Bunker et al., 2015).