Regardless, haemocytes produce Egr when associated with pre-tumourigenic and tumourigenic tissue, but while Egr activates apoptosis promoting TNF-JNK signalling in pre-tumourigenic tissue, it is thought to promote tumour growth in Ras85DV12/scrib–/– tumourigenic tissue, as well as invasive capacity via TNF-JNK-mediated Mmp1 upregulation (Cordero et al., 2010). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.