In addition, neoantigen vaccines and checkpoint blockade therapies using anti-programed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown potent therapeutic effects in patients with advanced cancer (Chapuis et al., 2016b; Yee and Lizee, 2017; Boyiadzis et al., 2018; Yee, 2018; Riley et al., 2019). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.