PPIF and Cognitive impairment: However, the current findings were different from the results obtained from the previous studies in that (1) the present studies focused on developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity; and (2) the studies illustrated that KO of CypD attenuated the relatively acute changes including the anesthesia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in vivo in young mice and in vitro in NPCs.