PPIF and Cognitive impairment: We, therefore, set out to determine whether anesthetic sevoflurane could induce a CypD-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in young mice and in NPCs by testing a hypothesis that KO of CypD mitigated the sevoflurane-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in NPC and in young mice.