TNF and acute myeloid leukemia: Consistent with IL-1 and IL-6 signaling, TNF-a was also dysregulated in AML patients, which might be a key autocrine factor for the survival and proliferation of leukemic stem cells, and NF-KB signaling and PI3K/AKt signaling were also engaged in the TNF-a-mediated leukemic clones' proliferation and drug resistance (26–28).