Moreover, the genes enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, such as EPHA2, IRS1, FN1, PDGFRB, THBS1, CCND1, CCNE1, TLR4, FGFR1 and FLT1, promote the development and progression of NPC (36–46). Here, IRS1 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.