KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: In 2018, the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) among all new cancer cases was 19%, and in the USA, ~29,000 men died from prostate cancer (Siegel et al., 2017; Siegel et al., 2018), which is usually diagnosed at a localized stage by the combination of prostate-specific antigens (PSAs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital rectal examination (DRE), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy (Carroll et al., 2018); most panel members favor informed testing beginning at the age of 45 years.