Indeed, all three types of worm have been shown to skew Mtb-specific immune responses by limiting TH1 cytokine production and increasing TH2 cytokine production in response to Mtb antigens in individuals with LTBI (18–21); moreover, treatment of helminth infections in people with LTBI has been shown to result in increased the frequencies of Mtb-specific IFNγ+ CD4 T cells (22). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and helminthiasis.