TGFB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In type 1 diabetes, SC-EVs were reported to downregulate IFN-γ and IL-17 (77, 97), upregulate IL-10 and TGF-β (77), inhibit activated T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cells (77, 97) (Table 1), and increase Treg expression (77), thereby inducing immunotolerance.