In this context, several HDAC or DNMT inhibitors (63, 252) and specific immune modulators able to neutralize proinflammatory cytokines [e.g., anti-IL2, anti-TNF-α (253, 254)] have been used to restore Foxp3 expression and Treg cell suppressive function in vitro, representing promising tools for future clinical trials in human autoimmune disorders. Here, TNF is linked to autoimmune disease.