HDAC9 and autoimmune disease: In this context, several HDAC or DNMT inhibitors (63, 252) and specific immune modulators able to neutralize proinflammatory cytokines [e.g., anti-IL2, anti-TNF-α (253, 254)] have been used to restore Foxp3 expression and Treg cell suppressive function in vitro, representing promising tools for future clinical trials in human autoimmune disorders.