VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1) overexpression is related to angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer, including GC (Kong et al., 2018); in which both local expression in gastric tissue and serum levels are directly associated with poor prognosis (Velikova et al., 1997; Ding et al., 2003). Here, VCAM1 is linked to cancer.