HMGB1 and glomerular disorder: Since NF-κB activation can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (Anrather et al., 2006), which in turn can activate the NF-κB system, a positive feedback loop, analogous to that postulated for HMGB1 (van Beijnum et al., 2008), can arise (Morgan and Liu, 2011), contributing to the progressive nature of the glomerulopathy.