TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In addition, JBT has been reported to reduce serum TNF-alpha and IL-1 levels in rats with RA (Yu et al., 2015), downregulate IgG in serum (Cheng et al., 2018) and prostaglandin E receptor 4 in synovial tissue (Xu et al., 2017), and relieve acute and chronic ear inflammation in rats (Niu et al., 2018a).