This enhanced p38MAPK activity upregulates the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1, TGF-β and TNF-α levels in AD brains (Bauer et al., 1991; Huell et al., 1995; Freund et al., 2012; Lai et al., 2017; Rea et al., 2018), CSF and serum (Wood et al., 1993; Cacabelos et al., 1994; Blum-Degen et al., 1995; Luterman et al., 2000; Swardfager et al., 2010; Tarkowski et al., 2003; Gezen-Ak et al., 2013; Dursun et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and Alzheimer disease.