ENPP2 and ischemic stroke: Since the LPA level in the brain increased after ischemic stroke and TBI, and the administration of LPA-directed monoclonal antibody and autotaxin inhibitor reversed the neuronal damage, we believe that LPA/LPA receptors/MAPK axis plays an important role in ischemic stroke and TBI (Li et al., 2008; Crack et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2018).