SNCA and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Firstly, we detected high levels of cytoplasmic α-synuclein in pancreatic β cells in the pancreatic islets of all the T2DM monkeys compared with the age-matched normal subjects, using a human α-synuclein antibody (Syn 211), which recognizes normal and aggregated forms of α-synuclein (Figures 2c,d).