TNF and Huntington disease: Even though pharmacologic immune modulation using the XPro1595 TNF-α inhibitor has shown neuroprotection against the cytokine-induced neurotoxicity in primary R6/2 neurons and human neurons derived from iPSCs of HD patients (Hsiao et al., 2014), the information available is contradictory based on one report describing that neuroinflammation seems a consequence rather than a cause of neurodegeneration in late HD (Vinther-Jensen et al., 2016).