SOX9 and neoplasm: While the upregulated genes were fewer, several were highly upregulated (> 10‐fold) including the ligands urotensin 2, cholecystokinin, insulin‐like growth factor 2, and periostin; transcription factors SOX9, BCL2, and MAFB; and extracellular matrix components including decorin as well as collagen types III and V. While most downregulated pathways have known links to tumor development or progression, it is likely that the wide transcriptome downregulation is a reflection of a loss of dedifferentiation as reported by others (Danielsson et al., 2013).