Interestingly, the expression of IL-6 strongly correlates with bacterial burden in humans45,46 and local production of IL-6 by urothelial cells was recently suggested.47 Importantly, application of the JAK-STAT inhibitor Ruxolitinib, which also inhibits IL-6 signaling, predisposed patients for acute bacterial infection in the urinary bladder,48 suggesting a critical role of IL-6-signaling for infection control. Here, IL6 is linked to infection.