Primary tumor biomarkers reported to associate with BCBM progression included, p53 mutational status, fraction of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle, DNA ploidy, and levels of Bcl-2 [21], p63 [36], KISS-1 [93], nuclear Rad51, cytoplasmic Rad51, cytoplasmic CXCR4, nuclear CXCR4 [52], HER3 [56], aB-crystallin (HR:1.2, p = 0.021) [63] and CDKN2A/p16 protein [69]. Here, CXCR4 is linked to neoplasm.