DMD is caused by the absence of functional dystrophin protein and results in various cellular dysfunctions such as membrane instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium mishandling, and dysregulation of autophagy (Alderton and Steinhardt, 2000; Bibee et al., 2014; De Palma et al., 2012; Godin et al., 2012; Pal et al., 2014; Spaulding et al., 2018). The gene discussed is DMD; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.