BRCA1 and cancer: Moreover, genes involved in homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51D, have been associated with an increased risk of breast/ovarian [40] or prostate cancer [41]; and in one yet unpublished study (preprint is available via bioRxiv) that investigated 2658 human cancers, chromothripsis was found to underlie 1.9% of the losses of DNA repair genes, including MLH1, BRCA1, and BRCA2 [42].