CCND1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: To obtain further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the antitumor activity of FD extract in the 4NQO oral cancer animal model, we assessed the expression of selected genes and proteins associated with tumor growth activities such as cellular proliferation and cancer progression (CCND1, EGFR, and COX-2), cellular adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process (β–catenin, e-cadherin, TWIST1, and RAC1) and apoptosis (bcl2 and p53).