Average p-values across Calu6, Calu3, H358 and RH2 tumours show enrichment for genes residing in the EGF, NF-κβ, TGF-β, mTOR/PI3K/AKT, integrin, ATM and G1/S checkpoint signalling pathways that was generally greater in tumours exposed to dry powder than aqueous 5AZA (Fig. 4d). Here, ATM is linked to neoplasm.