The levels of TLR4 and TLR9 agonists, but not TLR2 agonists, were markedly increased in the portal circulation of MCDD-fed wt (Asc−/−) and Asc−/− mice compared to wt controls, suggesting that TLR4 and TLR9 agonist efflux from the intestines of inflammasome-deficient mice or their cohoused partners through the portal circulation to the liver triggers TLR4 and TLR9 activation, that in turn results in enhanced progression of NASH [16]. Here, TLR9 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.