INS and Insulin resistance: In participants of the NHANES 2001–2010 study, urinary concentrations of total isoflavone metabolites were found to be inversely associated with the fasting glucose, insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant women, while enterolactone urinary levels were found to be inversely associated with fasting glucose and insulin levels in males who were aged 20–60 years [101,122].