VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: A recent epidemiologic study showed that patients with PD treated with levodopa less often developed AMD (OR 0.78) and at a later age (mean age of onset 79 years) compared to untreated patients (mean age of onset 71 years).164 Levodopa is shown to stimulate the GRP143 receptor which decreases the release of VEGF and exosomes with inflammatory factors from RPE cells.165 Currently, clinical trials are investigating whether treatment with levodopa may indeed reduce the inflammatory reaction of the retina and slow down disease progression in AMD.