IGHE and Allergy: High levels of IgG4 are also found in subjects with chronic helminth infections87,88 and a recent study in Uganda on the relationship between immune responses to S. mansoni and allergy found that: ‘total and allergen-specific IgG4/IgE ratios were mostly inversely associated with atopy, implying that the regulatory role of IgG4 against allergy might best be assessed relative to IgE'89.