The outcomes of viral infections in individual honey bees are primarily governed by cellular immune responses, which include dsRNA-triggered immune responses (i.e., RNAi and non-sequence specific dsRNA mediated antiviral mechanisms) [14,46,48,50,59,60,61,109,110] and canonical immune signaling pathways, including the JAK/STAT, JNK, and Imd pathways, and the NF-κB/Dorsal mediated Toll pathway, which has been further characterized in vivo [20,111]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and viral infectious disease.