GIP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In addition, inhibition of physiological GIP has been shown to prevent the body weight gain in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice by suppressing the GIP-induced adipogenesis in adipose tissues [45,46,47,48], thereby raising safety concerns that GIP treatment could promote obesity and deteriorate the metabolic risks in type 2 diabetic patients.