LYPD3 and neoplasm: Studies have also demonstrated a strong association with a poor prognosis [20,22,56,57,58] and even though its expression has been observed in breast cancer both in this study and in other published studies [21,59], its influence on tumourigenesis is yet to be elucidated although our patient tumour microarray (TMA) data suggests that LYPD3 is exclusively expressed in primary breast cancer and metastatic cases, with no expression observed in normal breast tissue.