PARP1 and cervical carcinoma: In vitro experiments also suggest a high level of ROS, profound downregulation in the genes associated with antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, SOD3, peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), PRDX2, glutathione S-synthetase (GSS), and glutathione peroxidase 6 (GPX6), and high presence of Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1), a marker of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in cervical carcinoma-derived Caski cells [7].