CD274 and neoplasm: For example, PD‐L1 expression and tumor‐infiltrating immune cells are estimated by evaluating the staining density and area of immunohistochemical sections, and thus these biomarkers cannot be precisely quantified, and are subject to interobserver variation, especially at low expression levels.11 Meanwhile, some biomarkers have not been validated in MIBC patients; therefore, additional biomarkers that can accurately predict the immunotherapeutic responses of MIBC patients before ICI treatment are still needed.