MTOR and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Metformin—the first-line anti-hyperglycaemic drug for T2DM in Thailand—has been reported to impair the immune response by upregulating the expression of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinases (AMPKs) and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated pathway11,12.