The clinical relevance of S100A16 in renal disease was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of kidney biopsy specimens from patients with various nephropathies, including mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), ureteral calculi with chronic glomerulonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy IV stage, and compared with those from normal human kidneys. The gene discussed is S100A16; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.