Together, we demonstrate that TRAF1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune defense against the intradermal infection with Candida albicans, by controlling the activation of NFκB and STAT1 in the macrophages or keratinocytes, respectively, and reveal a central role for CXCL1-neutrophil axis in the containing of fungal infection in the skin (Fig. 9). Here, STAT1 is linked to infection.