After C. albicans challenge for 3 days, WT mice transferred with TRAF1-deficient macrophages had smaller area of ulcer and less fungal pathogen compared to WT mice transferred with WT macrophages (Fig. 8e, f), suggesting that TRAF1-deficient macrophages play a critical role in protecting against C. albicans skin infection in vivo. Here, TRAF1 is linked to ulcer disease.