Secondly, the comparison of CD8+ T cell transcriptional profiles of HIV non-progressors and HCV resolvers, versus chronic progressors, revealed several common pathways associated with both HIV and HCV, including the “herpes simplex infection” “measles”, “influenza A”, “hepatitis B”, “hepatitis C”, “TGF-beta” and “cell cycle” pathways. Here, CD8A is linked to hepatitis B virus infection.