TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: During the process of airway inflammation, numbers of macrophages increased in peripheral airways together with activated neutrophils and CD8 + T-lymphocytes that include interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), among others (Tc1, Th1, Th17 and ILC3), release multiple inflammatory mediators and play a predominant role in the case of COPD exacerbations.