We previously analyzed a cohort of 194 human primary NSCLC specimens (who had been diagnosed between 2003 and 2007 at our institute Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan, selected all stage I, with a median follow-up time of 105.7 months) [13], showing a significant association between prognosis (Overall Survival, OS) and TLR3 tumor expression. Here, TLR3 is linked to neoplasm.