Important gains in HCC biology suggest that alterations in multiple molecular signaling pathways such as Receptor tyrosine pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/Raf/MAPK), Wnt/β-catenin, Janus kinase (Jak)-signal transducer activator of transcription factor (Stat) (JAK/STAT), Hedgehog (HH) and Hippo signaling pathway are essential for carcinogenesis. The gene discussed is RAF1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.