53 women with GDM (30 managed with diet only (GDM-diet) and 23 treated with insulin (GDM-insulin)) and 43 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGDM) were studied, with GIP and GLP-1 levels measured at 24–28 weeks (E1), prior (E2) and after (E3) delivery, and postpuerperium (E4). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.