TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: TNF-α level was significantly higher in T2DM patients than in controls (7.5 ± 2.48 and 6.2 ± 3.0, respectively; p=0.008), while the difference was not significant for leptin (32.2 ± 19 .5 and 30.6 ± 19.8, respectively; p=0.331) (Table 1).